Characteristics | Secondary lymphoid organs | Tertiary lymphoid structures | References |
---|---|---|---|
Examples | Spleen, regional lymph nodes, peyer’s patches, ILFs, tonsils and NALT | Chronic Infection, autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, cancer | |
Origin | During embryogenesis | After birth | |
Induction and development | LTo (FAP + podoplanin+, LTβR+), LTi, endothelial cells, retinoic acid | LTo (FAP + podoplanin+, LTβR+), ILC3/LTi, endothelial cells, NKT, Th17, chronic inflammation, cytokines (LT, TNF, LIGHT, IL-17), chemokines (CXCL13, CCL19, CCL21) | |
Location | Defined-relatively immutable | Variable (non-lymphoid organ or tissue site) | |
Structure | B and T cell compartments, HEVs, lymphatic vessels | Variable (from mixed T and B cells to T and B cell compartments), HEVs, lymphatic vessels | |
Capsule | Defined | Rare | |
Self-tolerance | Maintained | Disturbed (autoantibody production etc.) | |
Durability | Permanent (but can collapse) | Transient | [39] |