Fig. 4From: Tertiary lymphoid structural heterogeneity determines tumour immunity and prospects for clinical applicationMethods and prospects for inducing TLS in mice and cancer patients in vivo The emergence of TLS has been induced in the past in mice or cancer patients by means of cytokines and chemokines, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, cancer vaccines and immunotherapy. Recently lysosomal viruses (OV) have also raised possibilities in TLS induction. In addition to this, biomaterials show considerable promise for TLS induction. Collagen matrices, hydrogels, nanomaterials, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds, and organoids all have the potential to serve as new induction modalitiesBack to article page