Liquid biopsy techniques and pancreatic cancer: diagnosis, monitoring, and evaluation

Wang, Kangchun; Wang, Xin; Pan, Qi; Zhao, Bei

doi:10.1186/s12943-023-01870-3

Molecular Cancer

Table 1 The isolation and detection techniques in liquid biopsy

From: Liquid biopsy techniques and pancreatic cancer: diagnosis, monitoring, and evaluation

	Purpose	Methodology	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref
CTCs	isolation	density centrifugation	ease of operation	low detection rates of 24% to 40% in PDAC patients	[29]
		CTCs filters	isolation of CTCs without capture agents	small-sized CTCs might be overlooked	[30]
		flow cytometry	one of the most commonly used cell-sorting technologies for the analysis	lacked the ability to reveal sufficient morphological information to satisfy the standards set by pathologists for CTCs	[31]
		microfluidic devices	the CTCs chip captures large numbers of viable CTCs in a single step	complex manufacturing process and high cost	[32]
		dielectrophoresis	manipulate cells in accordance with their phenotype and membrane capacitance without the need for labeling or modification	Continuous optimization and fine-tuning of the electric field parameters are required	[33]
		immuno-magnetic separation	excellent speed and efficiency for CTCs detection and characterization	EpCAM-based strategy fails to detect CTCs with low EpCAM expression	[34]
	detection	high-resolution image scanning	an enrichment-free method to identify CTCs	limited applicability and processing speed	[35]
		mRNAs analysis and immunocytological staining	commonly used high-accuracy detection methods	complex operational procedures	[36]
		mutational analysis	provide information on tumour evolution	a single mutation cannot fully represent the overall characteristics	[37]
		single-cell next-generation sequencing	precise analysis of individual CTCs and revelation of tumour heterogeneity	complex sample handling	[38]
	combined strategy	integrated platform combined deterministic lateral displacement, inertial focusing and magnetophoresis	high throughput and efficiency, isolating CTCs regardless of tumour surface epitopes	high manufacturing costs and complexity	[39]
	combined strategy	negative selection and 3D cell culture	compared to traditional negative selection, it greatly improves purity	cell proliferation cultured in a 3D environment is slower	[40]
CtDNA/ctRNA	mutation detection	ddPCR	high sensitivity	requires a larger peripheral blood volume	[41]
		COLD-PCR	suitable for detecting rare and low-abundance mutations	needs to be combined with other detection methods	[42]
		ARMS-PCR	high sensitivity, high accuracy, easy operation, and low cost	unable to achieve high-throughput and high-position detection	[43]
		BEAMing	measurement of individual DNA molecules with high reliability and sensitivity	complex operational procedures	[44]
		NGS	high throughput and high sensitivity	complex data analysis workflow and high cost	[45]
	methylation detection	whole-genome bisulfite sequencing	high sensitivity and coverage of the entire genome	complex operational procedures and high cost	[46]
		DREAMing	simple, cost-effective, and has high sensitivity and specificity	only detects known loci	[47]
		DISMIR	high sensitivity and relatively low detection cost	emphasizes the distribution of methylation across the entire genome rather than individual loci	[48]
NcRNAs	detection based on polymerase chain reaction	RT-qPCR, dPCR, and ddPCR	high sensitivity, simple and well-developed analysis program	controversy surrounding the standardization process	[49]
	detection based on next generation sequencing	gene chips and RNA-seq	screening of ncRNAs can be accomplished	reduced specificity and elevated cost	[50]
	detection of expression and function	microarray	no amplification procedures are required	depends on known molecules	[51]
	nanostructured biochips	metallic nanoparticles, graphene oxide, quantum dots, and nanostructured polymers	high sensitivity allows it to detect molecules at very low concentrations	the fabrication process is more complex than traditional biochips	[52]
EVs	isolation	ultracentrifugation	ease of operation and low cost	contamination and integrity are compromised	[53]
		filtration	low cost and high efficiency	contamination and not suitable for all body fluids	[54]
		size-exclusion chromatography	high particle integrity and less susceptible to contamination by soluble proteins	low particle yield and not suitable for all body fluids	[55]
		membrane affinity	ease of operation and good commercial viability	low specificity in the enrichment of EVs subpopulations and susceptible to contamination	[56]
		immunoaffinity capture	can separate specific subpopulations of particles	low yield	[57]
		precipitation	high yield with good commercial viability	prone to contamination by soluble proteins	[58]
	detection	traditional EVs detection methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, flow cytometry, and polymerase chain reaction	low cost	low efficiency and complex steps	[55, 59, 60]
		surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy	a label-free, high-sensitivity technique	surface dependency	[61]
		electron microscopy	reflect exosome structures	costly and sample processing can potentially modify the inherent properties	[62]
		electro-chemical	high sensitivity and wide measurement range	high dependent	[63]
		surface plasmon resonance	high sensitivity and real-time detection	high cost and surface dependency	[64]
		colorimetric detection	ease of operation	susceptible to external interference	[65]
		alternating current electrokinetic chips	high separation efficiency and sensitivity	complex design and manufacturing, limited to specific applications	[66]

Back to article page

ISSN: 1476-4598

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com