Table 7 Biocompatibility of nanocarrier materials
Nanocarrier Material | Biocompatibility Score | Cytotoxicity | Immunogenicity | Hemocompatibility | Clearance Pathway | Description | Novelty | Advantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liposomes | High | Low | Low | Low | RES | Phospholipid bilayer vesicles with aqueous core | First generation nanocarriers | Biodegradable, versatile, well-established | [13] |
Polymeric Nanoparticles | Medium to High | Variable | Variable | Variable | RES, Renal, or Lymphatic | Nanoparticles composed of synthetic or natural polymers | Tailorable size and surface properties, good drug payload capacity | Potential toxicity, batch-to-batch variability | |
Gold Nanoparticles | Low to Medium | Low to Moderate | Low | Low to Moderate | RES or Renal | Nanoparticles made of gold with surface coatings | Good biocompatibility, versatile | Potential for accumulation in organs, poor biodegradability | [58] |
Carbon Nanotubes | Low to Medium | Variable | Variable | Variable | RES, Pulmonary, or Renal | Cylindrical carbon structures with high aspect ratio | High drug payload capacity, tunable properties | Potential toxicity, poor biodegradability | [169] |
Magnetic Nanoparticles | Low to Medium | Variable | Variable | Variable | RES or Renal | Nanoparticles with magnetic properties | Good targeting ability, potential for imaging | Potential for accumulation in organs, poor biodegradability | [59] |
Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles | High | Low | Low | Low | RES or Renal | Nanoparticles composed of calcium and phosphate | Good biocompatibility, potential for bone-targeted therapy | Limited drug payload capacity, potential for precipitation | |
Protein-Based Nanocarriers | High | Low | Low | Low | RES or Renal | Nanocarriers composed of proteins | High biocompatibility, potential for targeted therapy | Limited stability, high production cost | [170] |
DNA Nanocarriers | Medium | Low | Low | Low | Renal or Hepatic | Nanocarriers made of DNA or DNA-based materials | Potential for gene therapy, good biodegradability | Limited drug payload capacity, potential for immunogenicity | [171] |
Lipid Nanoparticles | High | Low | Low | Low | RES or Renal | Nanoparticles composed of lipids | Versatile, easy to produce, good stability | Limited drug payload capacity, potential for lipid accumulation | [99] |
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles | Low to Medium | Low | Low | Low to Moderate | RES or Renal | Nanoparticles with magnetic properties | Good targeting ability, potential for imaging | Potential for accumulation in organs, poor biodegradability | [121] |
Silica Nanoparticles | Low to Medium | Variable | Variable | Variable | RES or Renal | Nanoparticles composed of silica | High drug payload capacity, good stability | Potential for toxicity, poor biodegradability | [88] |
Polyethylene Glycol Nanoparticles | High | Low | Low | Low | Renal or Hepatic | Nanoparticles with PEG coatings | Good biocompatibility, long circulation time | Potential for instability, potential for immune response | [172] |
Albumin Nanoparticles | High | Low | Low | Low | RES or Renal | Nanoparticles composed of albumin | Good biocompatibility, potential for targeted therapy | Limited drug payload capacity, potential for instability | [27] |
Polysaccharide Nanoparticles | High | Low | Low | Low | RES or Renal | Nanoparticles composed of polysaccharides | Good biocompatibility, potential for targeted therapy | Limited drug payload capacity, potential for batch-to-batch variability | [173] |
Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles | Low to Medium | Variable | Variable | Variable | RES, Pulmonary, or Renal | Nanoparticles composed of graphene oxide | High drug payload capacity, good stability | Potential for toxicity, poor biodegradability | [174] |
Chitosan Nanoparticles | High | Low | Low to Moderate | Low | Renal or Hepatic | Nanoparticles composed of chitosan | Good biocompatibility, potential for targeted therapy | Potential for aggregation, limited drug payload capacity | [84] |
Quantum Dots | Low to Medium | Low to Moderate | Low to Moderate | Low to Moderate | RES or Renal | Nanoparticles made of semiconducting materials | Good imaging properties, potential for targeted therapy | Potential for toxicity, poor biodegradability | |
DNA Origami Nanoparticles | Medium | Low | Low | Low | Renal or Hepatic | Nanocarriers made of DNA and folded into specific shapes | Potential for targeted therapy and gene delivery | Limited stability, potential for immunogenicity | [175] |
Metal–Organic Frameworks | Medium to High | Variable | Variable | Variable | RES or Renal | Nanocarriers composed of metal ions and organic ligands | Tailorable properties, potential for drug delivery and imaging | Potential for toxicity, limited biodegradability | [101] |
Self-Assembling Peptides | High | Low | Low | Low | RES or Renal | Peptides that self-assemble into nanocarriers | Good biocompatibility, potential for targeted therapy | Limited drug payload capacity, potential for instability | [87] |
Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles | High | Low | Low | Low | RES or Renal | Nanoparticles composed of lipids and polymers | Tailorable size and surface properties, good drug payload capacity | Potential for instability, potential for lipid accumulation | [57] |
Carbon Quantum Dots | Low to Medium | Low | Low | Low | RES or Renal | Nanoparticles composed of carbon materials | Good imaging properties, potential for drug delivery | Potential for toxicity, poor biodegradability | [176] |