Progressing nanotechnology to improve targeted cancer treatment: overcoming hurdles in its clinical implementation

Table 4 Comparison of nanocarrier manufacturing techniques

Manufacturing Method	Scale	Cost	Quality Control	Yield	Flexibility	References
Emulsion	Small	Low	High	Low	High	[117]
Nanoprecipitation	Medium	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	High	[118]
Microfluidics	Small	High	High	High	High	[118]
Electrospinning	Small	High	High	High	Low	[118]
Self-Assembly	Medium	High	Low	High	Moderate	[119]
Spray Drying	Large	Moderate	Low	High	Low	[120]
Solvent Casting	Large	Moderate	High	Moderate	Moderate	[120]
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis by Co-precipitation	Small	Low	High	High	Low	[121]
Microemulsion Method for Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Synthesis	Small	Moderate	High	Moderate	High	[57]
Flash NanoPrecipitation for Polymer Nanoparticle Synthesis	Medium	High	High	High	High	[122]
Hydrodynamic Focusing Microfluidics for Liposome Synthesis	Small	High	High	High	High	[123]
Electrospray for Protein Nanoparticle Synthesis	Small	High	High	Low	High	[100]
Ultrasonic Atomization for Polymeric Micelle Synthesis	Medium	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	[123]
Hot Melt Extrusion for Lipid Nanoparticle Synthesis	Large	High	High	High	Moderate	[57]
Flash Nanocomplexation for RNA Nanoparticle Synthesis	Medium	High	Moderate	High	High	[100]

• Manufacturing Method: Different nanocarrier manufacturing methods used in the industry
• Scale: The manufacturing scale range of each method, categorized as small, medium, and large
• Cost: The estimated cost range of manufacturing nanocarriers by each method, categorized as low, moderate, and high
• Quality Control: The level of quality control required for each method, categorized as low, moderate, and high
• Yield: The expected nanocarrier yield by each method, categorized as low, moderate, and high
• Flexibility: The degree of flexibility offered by each manufacturing method in terms of nanocarrier properties and customizability, categorized as low, moderate, and high

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