Progressing nanotechnology to improve targeted cancer treatment: overcoming hurdles in its clinical implementation

Chehelgerdi, Mohammad; Chehelgerdi, Matin; Allela, Omer Qutaiba B.; Pecho, Renzon Daniel Cosme; Jayasankar, Narayanan; Rao, Devendra Pratap; Thamaraikani, Tamilanban; Vasanthan, Manimaran; Viktor, Patrik; Lakshmaiya, Natrayan; Saadh, Mohamed J.; Amajd, Ayesha; Abo-Zaid, Mabrouk A.; Castillo-Acobo, Roxana Yolanda; Ismail, Ahmed H.; Amin, Ali H.; Akhavan-Sigari, Reza

doi:10.1186/s12943-023-01865-0

Molecular Cancer

Table 14 Influence of nanocarriers on immune response

From: Progressing nanotechnology to improve targeted cancer treatment: overcoming hurdles in its clinical implementation

Nanocarrier Type	Immune Response Type	Immunomodulatory Mechanism	Dose–Response	Tumor Immune Microenvironment	Adverse Effects	References
Lipid-based nanoparticles	Innate immune response	Activation of complement system, TLR signaling	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion	Cytokine release syndrome, infusion reactions	[57]
Polymeric nanoparticles	Adaptive immune response	Enhanced antigen presentation, T cell activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of CD8 + T cells, cytokine secretion	T cell exhaustion, autoimmune reactions	[90, 102]
Dendrimers	Innate and adaptive immune response	Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist, enhanced antigen presentation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of dendritic cells, T cells, and natural killer cells	Hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, anaphylaxis	[99]
Iron oxide nanoparticles	Innate immune response	Activation of macrophages, natural killer cells	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, cytokine secretion	Iron overload, liver toxicity	[121]
Gold nanoparticles	Innate immune response	Activation of macrophages, inflammasome activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, cytokine secretion	Thrombosis, renal toxicity	[121]
Quantum dots	Adaptive immune response	Enhanced antigen presentation, T cell activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of CD8 + T cells, cytokine secretion	Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity	[176]
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles	Innate immune response	TLR signaling, inflammasome activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion	Silica-induced lung fibrosis, inflammation	[23]
Protein-based nanoparticles	Adaptive immune response	Antigen presentation, T cell activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of CD8 + T cells, cytokine secretion	Immunogenicity, allergic reactions	[57]
Carbon-based nanoparticles	Innate immune response	Phagocytosis, cytokine secretion	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion	Pulmonary toxicity, fibrosis	[57]
Liposomes	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Hypersensitivity reactions, phagocytosis by macrophages	[13]
Virus-like particles	Adaptive immune response	Antigen presentation, T cell activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of CD8 + T cells, cytokine secretion	Immunogenicity, autoimmunity	[274]
Nanogels	Innate immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, TLR signaling	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion	Cytotoxicity, renal toxicity	[275]
Nanodiamonds	Innate and adaptive immune response	Cytokine secretion, dendritic cell activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Pulmonary toxicity, genotoxicity	[238]
Magnetic nanoparticles	Innate immune response	Induction of heat shock proteins, activation of macrophages	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, cytokine secretion	Magnetic field-induced tissue damage, cellular stress	[276]
Nanotubes	Adaptive immune response	Antigen presentation, T cell activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of CD8 + T cells, cytokine secretion	Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity	[18, 19]
Metal–organic frameworks	Innate immune response	TLR signaling, inflammasome activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion	Biodegradation products, metal toxicity	[101]
Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[57]
Exosomes	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Immunogenicity, clearance rate	[30]
RNA nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Antigen presentation, TLR signaling	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Immunogenicity, stability	[277]
Metal nanoparticles	Innate immune response	Activation of macrophages, inflammasome activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, cytokine secretion	Biodegradation products, metal toxicity	[277]
Supramolecular nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[278]
Hydrogels	Innate immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, TLR signaling	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, mechanical stability	[279]
Lipid-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles	Adaptive immune response	Antigen presentation, T cell activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of CD8 + T cells, cytokine secretion	Immunogenicity, stability	[57]
Metallic oxide nanoparticles	Innate immune response	Activation of macrophages, inflammasome activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, cytokine secretion	Biodegradation products, metal toxicity	[243]
Core–shell nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[243]
Janus nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[57]
Lipid-protein nanoparticles	Adaptive immune response	Antigen presentation, T cell activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of CD8 + T cells, cytokine secretion	Immunogenicity, stability	[57]
Layer-by-layer nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[99]
Polymeric micelles	Innate immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, TLR signaling	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[90, 102]
Polymer vesicles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[90, 102]
Plasmonic nanoparticles	Innate immune response	Activation of macrophages, inflammasome activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, cytokine secretion	Thrombosis, renal toxicity	[280]
Protein-coated nanoparticles	Adaptive immune response	Antigen presentation, T cell activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of CD8 + T cells, cytokine secretion	Immunogenicity, stability	[100]
Silica nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Silica-induced lung fibrosis, inflammation	[88]
Smart nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[281]
Supramolecular assemblies	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[282]
Theranostic nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of imaging agents	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[130]
Cell-derived nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Immunogenicity, clearance rate	[196]
Multifunctional nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[18]
Carbon dots	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[18]
Exosome-mimetic nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[283]
Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[57]
Iron oxide nanoparticles	Innate immune response	Activation of macrophages, inflammasome activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, cytokine secretion	Iron overload, oxidative stress	[121]
Gold nanoparticles	Innate immune response	Activation of macrophages, inflammasome activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, cytokine secretion	Thrombosis, renal toxicity	[121]
Carbon nanotubes	Adaptive immune response	Antigen presentation, T cell activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of CD8 + T cells, cytokine secretion	Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity	[18]
Albumin nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[27]
Liposomes	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[13]
Solid lipid nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[57]
Graphene oxide nanoparticles	Innate immune response	Activation of macrophages, inflammasome activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of myeloid cells, cytokine secretion	Pulmonary toxicity, genotoxicity	[174]
Self-assembled nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[272]
Polymer-drug conjugates	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[90, 102]
Peptide-based nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[56]
Viral nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Antigen presentation, T cell activation	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of CD8 + T cells, cytokine secretion	Immunogenicity, potential for viral replication	[109]
Hybrid nanoparticles	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of drugs, co-delivery of adjuvants	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[284]
Polyplexes	Innate and adaptive immune response	Encapsulation of nucleic acids, TLR signaling	Dose-dependent	Increased infiltration of immune cells, cytokine secretion	Biocompatibility, stability	[285]

Back to article page

ISSN: 1476-4598

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com