Progressing nanotechnology to improve targeted cancer treatment: overcoming hurdles in its clinical implementation

Chehelgerdi, Mohammad; Chehelgerdi, Matin; Allela, Omer Qutaiba B.; Pecho, Renzon Daniel Cosme; Jayasankar, Narayanan; Rao, Devendra Pratap; Thamaraikani, Tamilanban; Vasanthan, Manimaran; Viktor, Patrik; Lakshmaiya, Natrayan; Saadh, Mohamed J.; Amajd, Ayesha; Abo-Zaid, Mabrouk A.; Castillo-Acobo, Roxana Yolanda; Ismail, Ahmed H.; Amin, Ali H.; Akhavan-Sigari, Reza

doi:10.1186/s12943-023-01865-0

Molecular Cancer

Table 12 The use of nanomaterials in combination with immunotherapy treats cancer patients

From: Progressing nanotechnology to improve targeted cancer treatment: overcoming hurdles in its clinical implementation

Therapeutic Approach	Drug Combination	Administration Sequence	Synergy	Adverse Effects	References
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	Anti-PD-1 antibody + Paclitaxel-loaded polymeric nanoparticles	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) such as rash, fatigue, diarrhea	[215]
Oncolytic Virus + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	T-VEC + Docetaxel-loaded liposomal nanoparticles	Sequential	Synergistic	Influenza-like symptoms, mild rash	[215]
Adoptive Cell Therapy + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	CAR-T cells + siRNA-loaded nanoparticles	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity	[214]
Immune Stimulator + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	CpG-ODN + Doxorubicin-loaded liposomal nanoparticles	Sequential	Synergistic	Flu-like symptoms, injection site reactions	[269]
Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System + Cytokine Therapy	IL-2-loaded nanoparticles + Doxorubicin-loaded liposomes	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Fever, chills, hypotension	[271]
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	Anti-CTLA-4 antibody + Sirolimus-loaded polymeric nanoparticles	Sequential	Synergistic	Diarrhea, rash, colitis	[241]
Oncolytic Virus + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	Adenovirus + Docetaxel-loaded lipid nanoparticles	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Fatigue, fever, nausea	[215]
Adoptive Cell Therapy + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	TILs + Paclitaxel-loaded dendrimers	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity	[215]
Immune Stimulator + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	CpG-ODN + Curcumin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles	Sequential	Synergistic	Injection site reactions, mild gastrointestinal symptoms	[269]
Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System + TLR Agonist	Imiquimod-loaded nanoparticles + Gemcitabine	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Injection site reactions, flu-like symptoms	[43]
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	Anti-PD-1 antibody + Docetaxel-loaded nanocrystals	Sequential	Synergistic	Fatigue, neutropenia, anemia	[15]
Oncolytic Virus + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	Measles virus + Paclitaxel-loaded liposomes	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Injection site reactions, fever, fatigue	[215]
Adoptive Cell Therapy + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	CAR-T cells + Nanogels loaded with anti-PD-1 antibody	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Cytokine release syndrome, hypotension	[214]
Immune Stimulator + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	Poly(I:C) + Doxorubicin-loaded liposomes	Sequential	Synergistic	Flu-like symptoms, injection site reactions	[269]
Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System + Cancer Vaccine	Polymeric nanoparticles loaded with tumor antigens + Adjuvant	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Injection site reactions, fever	[101]
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	Anti-PD-L1 antibody + Paclitaxel-loaded nanofibers	Sequential	Synergistic	Nausea, fatigue, neuropathy	[215]
Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System + Chemotherapy	Oxaliplatin-loaded nanoparticles + 5-FU	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Peripheral neuropathy, diarrhea	[49, 50]
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	Anti-CTLA-4 antibody + Paclitaxel-loaded micelles	Sequential	Synergistic	Diarrhea, fatigue, neutropenia	[272]
Oncolytic Virus + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	Newcastle disease virus + Irinotecan-loaded liposomes	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Influenza-like symptoms, mild rash	[25, 26]
Adoptive Cell Therapy + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	CAR-T cells + DOX-loaded gold nanoparticles	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity	[214]
Immune Stimulator + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	MPLA + Gemcitabine-loaded liposomes	Sequential	Synergistic	Injection site reactions, flu-like symptoms	[269]
Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System + TLR Agonist	R848-loaded nanoparticles + Docetaxel	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Injection site reactions, myelosuppression	[43]
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	Anti-PD-1 antibody + Doxorubicin-loaded carbon nanotubes	Sequential	Synergistic	Fatigue, neutropenia, anemia	[109]
Oncolytic Virus + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	Reovirus + Cisplatin-loaded liposomes	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Injection site reactions, flu-like symptoms	[215]
Adoptive Cell Therapy + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	TCR-T cells + Paclitaxel-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity	[215]
Immune Stimulator + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	R848 + Gemcitabine-loaded dendrimers	Sequential	Synergistic	Injection site reactions, flu-like symptoms	[43]
Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System + Cancer Vaccine	PLGA nanoparticles loaded with tumor antigen + CpG-ODN	Simultaneous	Synergistic	Injection site reactions, fever	[273]
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor + Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System	Anti-PD-L1 antibody + Paclitaxel-loaded nanocapsules	Sequential	Synergistic	Nausea, fatigue, neuropathy	[215]

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