Fig. 17

Breaching the tumor barrier physically. Immune cell infiltration can be facilitated by physically disrupting the tumor microenvironment using biomaterials-based instruments that help stabilize the blood vessels. This can be achieved through the use of radiolabeled or photothermal agents, followed by the application of laser or radiation, as well as employing nanomaterials that release enzymes to break down the extracellular matrix (ECM). Reprint from [244] with a permission from Springer Nature