Fig. 13

A The evolution and characteristics of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in terms of their structure and function. The different types of mAbs that have been developed over time, starting from murine mAbs and progressing to chimeric mAbs, humanized mAbs, and fully human mAbs. Reprint from [191] with a permission from Lancet Publishing Group. B Various strategies employed in monoclonal antibody (mAb) cancer therapeutics. Various strategies employed in monoclonal antibody (mAb) cancer therapeutics include targeting specific cancer cell surface antigens, blocking signaling pathways crucial for tumor growth, enhancing the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells, and conjugating mAbs with toxins to deliver targeted cytotoxic effects. These diverse approaches have contributed to the success of mAb therapies in treating cancer. Reprint from [192] with a permission from Springer Nature. C The mechanisms of action of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically target cancer cells. These mAbs exert their antitumor effects through various means, which are commonly studied in laboratory settings. However, determining the individual contributions of these mechanisms to the clinical responses observed during mAb therapy is challenging. Reprint from [192] with a permission from Springer Nature