Fig. 10

PI3K-, AKT-, mTOR- and PDK1-targeted inhibitors along the PAM pathway in cancer cells. PI3K inhibitors are divided into Pan-PI3K inhibitors (Pan-PI3Ki), Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors (Dual PI3K/mTORi), and Isoform-Specific PI3K inhibitors (IS PI3Ki), named Isoform-Specific PI3Kα inhibitors (IS PI3Kαi), Isoform-Specific PI3Kβ inhibitors (IS PI3Kβi), Isoform-Specific PI3Kγ inhibitors (IS PI3Kγi), and Isoform-Specific PI3Kδ inhibitors (IS PI3Kδi). Overall AKT inhibitors are referred as AKTi. mTOR inhibitors are divided into allosteric (non-competitive) mTOR inhibitors (A-NC mTORi), ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors (ATP-C mTORi), and Bi-Steric mTOR inhibitors (Bi-Steric mTORi). PDK1 inhibitors are referred as PDK1i. Substrate activation (phosphorylation) along the PAM pathway is shown with arrowhead lines. Substrate inhibition along the PAM pathway, exerted by Pan-PI3Ki, Dual PI3K/mTORi, IS PI3Kαi, IS PI3Kβi, IS PI3Kγi, IS PI3Kδi, AKTi, A-NC mTORi, ATP-C mTORi, Bi-Steric mTORi, and PDK1i, is shown with blocked lines. Ⓐ: FDA-approved inhibitor