Table 1 Transcription factors and regulators involved in the regulation of Interleukin-2 and its receptor

Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells (NFAT)

Transcription factor

Binds to the promoter region of IL-2 to promote its expression

[41], [42]

Activator Protein-1 (AP-1)

Transcription factor

Binds to the enhancer region of IL-2 to promote its expression

[41], [43, 44]

Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-kB]

Transcription factor

Binds to the promoter region of IL-2 to promote its expression

[41], [45]

Early Growth Response Protein 1 (EGR1]

Transcription factor

Binds to the promoter region of IL-2 to promote its expression

[41], [46, 47]

Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3)

Transcription factor

Binds to the promoter region of IL-2 to suppress its expression

[41], [44, 48]

Janus kinases (JAKs)

Positive regulator

Activates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-5 (STAT5) to promote IL-2 receptor signaling

[49, 50]

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-5 (STAT5)

Positive regulator

Phosphorylated by JAKs to promote IL-2 receptor signaling

[49,50,51]

Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-1 (SOCS1)

Negative regulator

Inhibits JAK/STAT signaling, leading to reduced IL-2 receptor signaling

[52,53,54]

Forkhead Box P3 (FoxP3)

Negative regulator

Suppresses IL-2 production and IL-2 receptor expression in regulatory T cells

[55,56,57,58]

Interleukin-2 Inducible T-cell Kinase (ITK)

Positive regulator

Phosphorylates downstream effectors to promote IL-2 receptor signaling

[59,60,61,62]

Protein Kinase C-theta (PKCθ)

Positive regulator

Phosphorylates downstream effectors to promote IL-2 receptor signaling

[63,64,65]