Table 9 The different types of polymer-based mRNA delivery systems
From: The use of RNA-based treatments in the field of cancer immunotherapy
Polymer Type | Advantages | Disadvantages | Immunogenicity | Efficacy | Safety | Stability | Mechanism of Action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polyethyleneimine (PEI) | High transfection efficiency | Cytotoxicity at high doses | Yes | Effective | Low | Good | Endosomal release | [556] |
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) | Biodegradable and biocompatible | Limited transfection efficiency | No | Moderate | High | Fair | Sustained release | [443] |
Chitosan | Good biocompatibility and biodegradability | Limited transfection efficiency | Yes | Moderate | High | Fair | Endosomal release | [143] |
Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) | Non-immunogenic and biocompatible | Poor transfection efficiency | No | Low | High | Good | Surface modification and cellular uptake | [557] |
Poly(amidoamine) (PAA) | Good biocompatibility and efficient transfection | Cytotoxicity at high doses | Yes | Effective | Low | Good | Endosomal escape and cytoplasmic delivery | [558] |
Poly(beta-amino esters) (PBAEs) | Good transfection efficiency and biocompatibility | Limited stability | Yes | Effective | Low | Fair | Endosomal release | [144] |
Polyethyleneimine-polycaprolactone (PEI-PCL) | High transfection efficiency and stability | Potential cytotoxicity | Yes | Effective | Low | Good | Endosomal release | [556] |
Poly(beta-amino ester)-polyethylene glycol (PBAE-PEG) | Good biocompatibility and efficient transfection | Limited stability | Yes | Effective | Low | Fair | Endosomal release and cytoplasmic delivery | [151] |
Polyethylenimine-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PEI-PLGA) | High transfection efficiency and stability | Potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity | Yes | Effective | Low | Good | Endosomal release | [559] |
Dextran | Biocompatible and biodegradable | Limited transfection efficiency | No | Low | High | Fair | Sustained release | [560] |
Polyethylenimine-polypropyleneimine (PEI-PPI) | High transfection efficiency and stability | Potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity | Yes | Effective | Low | Good | Endosomal release | [561] |
Poly-L-lysine (PLL) | Good transfection efficiency and biocompatibility | Limited stability and potential toxicity | Yes | Effective | Low | Fair | Endosomal release | [562] |
Poly (amino acid) (PAA) | Biodegradable and biocompatible | Limited transfection efficiency and stability | No | Low | High | Fair | Sustained release | [563] |
Polyhydroxyethylaspartamide (PHEA) | Good biocompatibility and stability | Limited transfection efficiency | No | Low | High | Good | Endosomal release and cytoplasmic delivery | [537] |
Poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) | High transfection efficiency and stability | Potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity | Yes | Effective | Low | Good | Endosomal release | [564] |
Poly(beta-thiopropionate) (PBT) | High transfection efficiency and stability | Limited data on biocompatibility | No | Effective | Low | Good | Endosomal release | [144] |
Polypeptide | Biocompatible and biodegradable | Limited data on transfection efficiency | No | Low | High | Fair | Sustained release | [565] |
Poly(glycidol) (PG) | Biocompatible and biodegradable | Limited data on transfection efficiency and stability | No | Low | High | Fair | Endosomal release and cytoplasmic delivery | [566] |
Poly(amino acid)-polyethylene glycol (PAA-PEG) | Good biocompatibility and efficient transfection | Limited stability | Yes | Effective | Low | Fair | Endosomal release and cytoplasmic delivery | [151] |
Polysaccharide | Biocompatible and biodegradable | Limited data on transfection efficiency and stability | No | Low | High | Fair | Sustained release | [542] |
Poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) | Biodegradable and biocompatible | Limited data on transfection efficiency | No | Low | High | Fair | Sustained release | [567] |
Poly(amidoamine)-polyethylene glycol (PAMAM-PEG) | High transfection efficiency and efficient endosomal escape | Potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity | Yes | Effective | Low | Fair | Endosomal escape and cytoplasmic delivery | [568] |
Poly(beta-amino ester)-polyethylene glycol (PBAE-PEG) | Good biocompatibility and efficient transfection | Limited stability | Yes | Effective | Low | Fair | Endosomal release and cytoplasmic delivery | [144] |
Poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMA) | High transfection efficiency and efficient endosomal escape | Potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity | Yes | Effective | Low | Good | Endosomal escape and cytoplasmic delivery | [564] |
Poly(malic acid) (PMA) | Biodegradable and biocompatible | Limited transfection efficiency and stability | No | Low | High | Fair | Sustained release | [569] |
Poly(propylene imine) dendrimers (PPI) | High transfection efficiency and efficient endosomal escape | Potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity | Yes | Effective | Low | Good | Endosomal escape and cytoplasmic delivery | [570] |
Poly(glutamic acid) (PGA) | Biodegradable and biocompatible | Limited transfection efficiency and stability | No | Low | High | Fair | Sustained release | [561] |
Chitosan | Biodegradable and biocompatible | Limited transfection efficiency and stability | No | Low | High | Fair | Endosomal release | [143] |
Poly(N-2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (PHPMA) | Biodegradable and biocompatible | Limited transfection efficiency and stability | No | Low | High | Good | Endosomal release and cytoplasmic delivery | [571] |
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) | Biocompatible and biodegradable | Limited data on transfection efficiency and stability | No | Low | High | Fair | Sustained release | [572] |
Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) | Biodegradable and biocompatible | Limited data on transfection efficiency and stability | No | Low | High | Fair | Sustained release | [561] |
Polyurethane (PU) | Biocompatible and biodegradable | Limited data on transfection efficiency and stability | No | Low | High | Good | Endosomal release and cytoplasmic delivery | [573] |
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) | Good biocompatibility and efficient transfection | Limited stability | No | Effective | Low | Good | Endosomal release | [574] |
Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) | Good biocompatibility and efficient transfection | Limited stability | No | Effective | Low | Good | Endosomal release | [575] |
Poly(beta-amino ester) (PBAE) | Efficient transfection and endosomal escape | Limited stability | Yes | Effective | Low | Fair | Endosomal escape and cytoplasmic delivery | [144] |