Table 5 The different types of physical delivery methods for mRNA cancer vaccines
From: The use of RNA-based treatments in the field of cancer immunotherapy
Delivery Method | Advantages | Disadvantages | Immunogenicity | Efficacy | Safety | Stability | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electroporation (EP) | Enhances uptake and expression of mRNA, can be used with a variety of tissues | Can cause discomfort and pain, may damage surrounding tissue or cells | High | High | Moderate | Unstable | [228] |
Sonoporation | Non-invasive, highly specific targeting, can be used with a variety of tissues | Limited penetration depth, requires specialized equipment | Moderate | High | High | Stable | [433] |
Laser microporation | Precise and controlled delivery, can be used with a variety of tissues | Limited scale-up capabilities, may require specialized equipment or expertise | High | High | High | Stable | [434] |
Jet injection | Rapid and efficient delivery, can be used with a variety of tissues | May cause inflammation or tissue damage, limited depth of penetration | High | Moderate | Moderate | Stable | [435] |
Needle-free injection | Non-invasive, easy to use | Limited depth of penetration, may cause tissue damage or inflammation | Moderate | Moderate | High | Stable | [436] |
Gold particle bombardment | Can deliver to specific cells, easy to use | Limited scale-up capabilities, may cause tissue damage or inflammation | High | Moderate | Moderate | Stable | [437] |
Magnetofection | Can deliver to specific cells or tissues, non-invasive | Limited depth of penetration, may require specialized equipment or expertise | High | High | High | Stable | [438] |
Microprojection array | Precise and controlled delivery, can be used with a variety of tissues | Limited scale-up capabilities, may cause tissue damage or inflammation | High | High | High | Stable | [439] |
Biodegradable nanoparticle | Targeted delivery, can be used with a variety of tissues | Requires optimization of size and charge for effective delivery, possible toxicity | High | High | High | Stable | [440] |
Hyaluronic acid-based nanoparticle | Targeted delivery, can be used with a variety of tissues | Requires optimization of size and charge for effective delivery, limited scale-up capabilities | High | High | High | Stable | [143] |
Cell-penetrating peptide | Efficient delivery to cells and tissues, low toxicity | Limited stability, may cause inflammation or tissue damage | High | Moderate | Moderate | Unstable | [441] |
Hydrodynamic delivery | Rapid and efficient delivery, can be used with a variety of tissues | Limited depth of penetration, can cause tissue damage | High | High | High | Unstable | [442] |
Ultrasound-mediated delivery | Non-invasive, can target specific cells and tissues | Limited depth of penetration, may require specialized equipment or expertise | Moderate | High | High | Stable | [160] |
Viral vector-mediated delivery | High transfection efficiency, can be used with a variety of tissues | Limited scale-up capabilities, potential for immune response or toxicity | High | High | Low | Stable | [443] |
Liposome-mediated delivery | Targeted delivery, low toxicity, easy to prepare | Limited scale-up capabilities, may cause inflammation or tissue damage | Moderate | Moderate | High | Stable | [198] |
Calcium phosphate nanoparticle | Efficient delivery to cells and tissues, low toxicity | Limited scale-up capabilities, may cause inflammation or tissue damage | High | High | High | Stable | [444] |
Magnet-assisted transfection (MAT) | Non-invasive, can target specific cells and tissues, low toxicity | Limited depth of penetration, requires specialized equipment | High | High | High | Stable | [445] |
Photochemical internalization (PCI) | Targeted delivery, low toxicity, can enhance immunogenicity | Limited scale-up capabilities, requires specialized equipment | High | High | High | Stable | [446] |
Cyclic dinucleotide-based delivery | Can enhance immune response, low toxicity | Limited scale-up capabilities, may cause inflammation or tissue damage | High | Moderate | Moderate | Stable | [447] |
Nanoparticles with antigen presenting cells (APCs) | Efficient delivery to APCs, can enhance immune response | Requires optimization of size and charge for effective delivery, limited scale-up capabilities | High | High | High | Stable | [448] |
Gene gun delivery | Precise and controlled delivery, can be used with a variety of tissues | Limited scale-up capabilities, may cause tissue damage or inflammation | High | High | High | Stable | [437] |
Inorganic nanoparticle-mediated delivery | Targeted delivery, high loading capacity | Limited scale-up capabilities, requires optimization of size and charge for effective delivery | High | High | High | Stable | [449] |
Topical delivery | Non-invasive, easy to use | Limited depth of penetration, may cause skin irritation or inflammation | Moderate | Moderate | High | Stable | [450] |
Inhalation delivery | Non-invasive, can target specific cells and tissues in the respiratory tract | Limited depth of penetration, may cause respiratory irritation or inflammation | Moderate | Moderate | High | Stable | [451] |
Acoustofluidic delivery | Non-invasive, can be used with a variety of tissues, can achieve high transfection efficiency | Requires specialized equipment, limited scale-up capabilities | High | High | High | Stable | [452] |
In vivo electroporation | Efficient delivery, can be used with a variety of tissues | Can cause tissue damage, may require specialized equipment or expertise | High | High | High | Stable | [453] |
Nanoparticle-laden microbubbles | Non-invasive, can achieve high transfection efficiency | Limited scale-up capabilities, requires specialized equipment | High | High | High | Stable | [454] |
Supramolecular nanostructures | Targeted delivery, high loading capacity, can be used with a variety of tissues | Requires optimization of size and charge for effective delivery, limited scale-up capabilities | High | High | High | Stable | [455] |
Magnetic field-guided delivery | Precise and controlled delivery, non-invasive | Limited depth of penetration, requires specialized equipment | High | High | High | Stable | [456] |
Polymer-based microneedles | Non-invasive, easy to use | Limited depth of penetration, requires specialized equipment or expertise | Moderate | Moderate | High | Stable | [457] |
Gold nanorod-mediated delivery | Targeted delivery, can achieve high transfection efficiency | Limited scale-up capabilities, requires optimization of size and charge for effective delivery | High | High | High | Stable | [458] |
Dendritic cell-mediated delivery | Efficient delivery to dendritic cells, can enhance immune response | Requires specialized equipment or expertise, limited scale-up capabilities | High | High | High | Stable | [72] |
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) | Non-invasive, can be used with a variety of tissues | Limited scale-up capabilities, may have low transfection efficiency | Moderate | Moderate | High | Stable | [459] |
Ultrasound-mediated delivery | Non-invasive, can achieve high transfection efficiency | Limited scale-up capabilities, requires specialized equipment | High | High | High | Stable | [460] |
Bioreducible lipid nanoparticles | Targeted delivery, can enhance immune response, can achieve high transfection efficiency | Requires optimization of size and charge for effective delivery, limited scale-up capabilities | High | High | High | Stable | [424] |
Surface-modified nanoparticles | Targeted delivery, can enhance immune response, can achieve high transfection efficiency | Requires optimization of size and charge for effective delivery, limited scale-up capabilities | High | High | High | Stable | [461] |
Viral vectors (e.g. adenovirus, lentivirus) | Efficient delivery, high transfection efficiency | Safety concerns (e.g., integration, immunogenicity), limited scale-up capabilities, complex manufacturing | High | High | Variable | Stable | [344] |
Cell-based delivery | Efficient delivery, can enhance immune response | Requires specialized equipment or expertise, may have limited scale-up capabilities, safety concerns (e.g., tumorigenicity) | High | High | Variable | Stable | [462] |