Table 3 Different types of mRNA vaccines for direct injection
From: The use of RNA-based treatments in the field of cancer immunotherapy
mRNA Vaccine Type | Advantages | Disadvantages | Immunogenicity | Efficacy | Safety | Stability | Dosage | Manufacturing Complexity | Clinical Trials | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naked mRNA vaccine | Easy to manufacture and administer; low cost | Inefficient delivery and translation; low immunogenicity | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Short half-life; degradation by RNases | High | Low | Phase I/II clinical trials | [244] |
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mRNA vaccine | Efficient delivery and translation; high immunogenicity | Expensive to manufacture; potential for toxicity | High | High | Good | Long half-life; stability in vivo | Low | Moderate | Phase III clinical trials | [245] |
Adjuvant-assisted mRNA vaccine | Improved immunogenicity; low cost | Limited clinical data; potential for toxicity | High | High | Good | Short half-life; degradation by RNases | Moderate | Low | Early phase clinical trials | [246] |
Self-amplifying mRNA vaccine | Low dose required; high immunogenicity | Limited clinical data; potential for toxicity | High | High | Good | Long half-life; stability in vivo | Low | High | Preclinical studies | [247] |