The use of RNA-based treatments in the field of cancer immunotherapy

Table 14 The different types of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) used in mRNA cancer vaccines

Shared antigens	Common to many tumor types	Potential for autoimmunity	Variable	Moderate to High	Unstable	Moderate	Multiple trials	Reference
Differentiation antigens	Expressed in certain tumor types	Not present in all tumors	Variable	Moderate to High	Unstable	Moderate	Multiple trials	[732]
Cancer-testis antigens	Highly immunogenic	Restricted to certain tumor types	Variable	High	Unstable	Moderate to High	Multiple trials	[733]
Neoantigens	Patient-specific	Unique to each tumor	High	High	Unstable	Low to Moderate	Early-stage trials	[58]
Viral antigens	Easily recognized by immune system	Limited to virus-associated cancers	Variable	Moderate to High	Unstable	Moderate	Early-stage trials	[430]
Oncofetal antigens	High expression in tumors	Also expressed in some normal tissues	Variable	Moderate to High	Unstable	Moderate	Early-stage trials	[734]
Tumor-specific antigens	Unique to tumors	Low expression levels	High	High	Unstable	Low to Moderate	Early-stage trials	[735]
Mutated self-antigens	Patient-specific	Potential for off-target effects	Variable	High	Unstable	Low to Moderate	Early-stage trials	[736]
Shared mutated antigens	Common mutations in tumors	Potential for autoimmunity	Variable	Moderate to High	Unstable	Moderate	Early-stage trials	[638]
Overexpressed antigens	High expression in tumors	Also expressed in normal tissues	Variable	Moderate to High	Unstable	Moderate	Early-stage trials	[626]
Glycopeptide antigens	Unique glycosylation patterns in tumors	Limited understanding of immunogenicity	Variable	Moderate to High	Unstable	Moderate to High	Early-stage trials	[737]

ISSN: 1476-4598