Fig. 14

Nanoscale particles and complexes for cancer immunotherapy delivery systems. a Lipid nanoparticles usually comprise an ionizable lipid, a supporting lipid, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-lipid. Nucleic acids are integrated into the nanoparticles' hydrophilic core. b The structures of ready-made lipids explored for nucleic acid delivery and, more recently, mRNA vaccines are depicted, including the structure of DOPE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), a helper lipid that enhances lipid nanoparticle effectiveness. c) The structures of ionizable, lipid-like substances developed using combinatorial chemistry methods for better in vivo mRNA delivery and reduced toxicity. d The structure of an amphiphilic peptide-vaccine conjugate designed to attach to albumin in the bloodstream, enhancing lymph node delivery. e A matrix-binding checkpoint inhibitor conjugate with increased retention in the area surrounding the tumor to initiate an immune response. The checkpoint inhibitor is connected to a placental growth factor 2 (PLGF2) peptide using an amine-to-sulfhydryl linker. The PLGF2 peptide facilitates binding to proteins present in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Reprinted from [555] with permission from Springer Nature