Fig. 12

A LNP formulation boosts protein production in vivo following intramuscular administration. BALB/c mice (4 per group) received intramuscular injections of either non-formulated (mRNA) or LNP-formulated (mRNA/LNP) PpLuc mRNA. a) Luciferase expression was observed in vivo through optical imaging at 24- and 48-h post-injection. b) Luminescence was used to quantify luciferase expression. Data points from individual mice (represented as dots) and the median (depicted as solid lines) are shown for each group. B LNP-based mRNA vaccine triggers both humoral and cellular immune reactions in mice. BALB/c mice (10 per group) received intramuscular vaccinations on day 0 and day 21 using either non-formulated RABV-G mRNA (mRNA), LNP-encapsulated RABV-G mRNA (mRNA/LNP), or buffer. Rabies Virus Neutralization Tests (VNTs) were conducted on the serum three weeks post-initial vaccination (a) and two weeks post-boost vaccination (b). Two weeks after the boost vaccination, splenocytes were exposed to an overlapping peptide library encompassing the RABV-G protein. Antigen-specific, multifunctional (IFN-γ + /TNF +) CD8 + (c) and CD4 + (d) T cells were identified using intracellular cytokine staining. Data points represent individual mice, while the solid lines indicate median values for each group. The dashed line marks the generally accepted protective titer threshold of 0.5 IU/ml for rabies VNTs. Reprinted from [540] with permission from Springer Nature