Fig. 4
From: Advancements in clinical aspects of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in breast cancer
FGFR signaling pathway in breast cancer as a potential therapeutic target. Attachment of FGFs to FGFRs causes their dimerization, which encourages TGFR1 activation through kinase domain activation loop with activation of FRS2, PLCγ and downstream transduction pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, PKC, RAS/MAPK pathways, which potentiate proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, and survival process. Arrows represent downstream events and the line represents inhibition. AKT, Ak strain transforming; ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FGF, Fibroblast growth factor; FGFR, Fibroblast growth factor receptor; FRS2, Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2; GRB2, Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; JAK, Janus kinase; MEK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKC, Protein kinase C; RAF, Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; RAS, Rat sarcoma; SOS, Son of sevenless; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription