Fig. 3
From: Advancements in clinical aspects of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in breast cancer
AKT signaling pathway in breast cancer development and progression. It is a major intracellular pathway which leads to cell survival and cell proliferation. Activation of PI3K catalyzes the phosphorylation of PIP2 to PIP3, which further endorses PDK1 activation. Phosphorylation of FOXO1 by AKT inhibits its transcriptional activities resulting in cell growth, proliferation and survival. In addition, AKT inhibits TSC1/2 resulting in an activation of mTOR which simultaneously suppress autophagy and apoptosis and triggers proliferation. Gray arrows represent downstream events, gray lines represent inhibition, green up arrowheads represent activation/upregulation, and red down arrowheads represent suppression/downregulation. AKT, Ak strain transforming; Bad, Bcl-2-associated death promoter; FOXO, Forkhead box transcription factors; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; NO, Nitric oxide; PDK1, Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIP2, Phosphoinositol 4, 5-biphosphate; PIP3, Phosphoinositol 3, 4, 5-triphosphate; PTEN, Phosphatase and tensin homolog is a phosphatase; TSC, Tuberous sclerosis complex