Fig. 1

Overview of the mechanisms by which bacteria regulate tumor progression. Pathogenic bacteria mainly come from oral and gastrointestinal flora. Different kinds of bacteria can promote the occurrence, development and metastasis of tumors by causing host adaptive immune responses, cell cycle arrest, DNA transcription changes and DNA damage, reactive oxygen species accumulation and the activation of various signaling pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, and STAT3 signaling